Friday, September 17, 2010

BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN


Ekstrak Jinten Hitam (Nigella sativa) sebagai Imunostimulan Ikan Lele Dumbo yang terinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila

Posted: 16 Sep 2010 04:07 PM PDT


Ekstrak Jinten Hitam (Nigella sativa) sebagai Imunostimulan Ikan Lele Dumbo yang terinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila PDF Print E-mail
Wednesday, 01 September 2010 12:37

Ikan lele (Clarias sp.) merupakan ikan yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia. Salah satu ikan lele yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia adalah ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus). Ikan lele dumbo merupakan spesies ikan lele yang pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1984, yang diperoleh dari hasil persilangan antara induk betina lele asli Taiwan dan induk pejantan yang berasal dari Afrika. Lele dumbo masuk pertama kali di Indonesia pada tahun 1986, yang diimpor dari Taiwan.

Gambar 1. Ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus)

Ikan lele dumbo sudah banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Usaha budidaya ikan sering terjangkit adanya penyakit ikan yang tidak jarang menggagalkan pertumbuhan dan kelulusanhidupan ikan sehingga mengakibatkan kematian masal pada ikan yang dibudidayakan (gagal panen). Penyakit ikan disebabkan adanya interaksi antara lingkungan, organisme dan ikan yang tidak seimbang. Penyakit ikan dapat disebabkan oleh fisika, kimiawi, dan biologis. Penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh fisik maupun kimiawi pada umumnya tidak menular (non infeksi). Sedangkan penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh penyebab biologis kebanyakan menular (infeksi).

Aeromonas hidrophila merupakan bakteri yang dapat menginfeksi ikan. Susanto (1988), melaporkan bahwa Aeromonas hidrophila dapat menyebabkan kematian masal pada ikan lele dumbo, sehingga Aeromonas hidrophila menjadi ancaman tersendiri yang menakutkan bagi para petani ikan atau pembudidaya ikan lele dumbo.

Salah satu penanganan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme (bakteri) pada budidaya lele dumbo adalah antibiotik. Antibiotik sebagai agen terapi pengobatan memang telah banyak membantu, namun ternyata juga menimbulkan ekses yang negatif, yaitu menimbulkan jenis penyakit baru maupun bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya penanganan yang ramah lingkungan dan mampu memulihkan ikan lele dumbo dari infeksi bakteri tersebut, yaitu imunostimulan.

Imunostimulan adalah zat kimia, obat-obatan, stressor, atau aksi yang meningkatkan respon imun non-spesifik atau bawaan (innate immune respon) yang berinteraksi secara langsung dengan sel dari sistem yang mengaktifkan respon imun bawaan tersebut. Imunostimulan adalah zat-zat yang dapat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh terhadap infeksi penyakit, bukan meningkatkan respon imun spesifik (acquired immune respon), tetapi meningkatkan respon imun non-spesifik baik melalui mekanisme pertahanan humoral maupun pertahanan seluler (Sakai, 1999). Ikan telah diketahui lebih mengandalkan mekanisme sistem kekebalan non-spesifiknya atau bahawan (innate immune sistem) dari pada sistem kekebalan spesifiknya atau adaptif (Anderson, 1992)

Gambar 2. Jinten hitam (Nigella sativa)

Jinten hitam (Nigella sativa) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai imunostimulan karena mampu meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh dalam menghadapi patogen. Jinten hitam mengandung beberapa bahan aktif diantaranya, Thymowuinone (TQ), Dithymoquinone (DTQ), Thymohidriquinone (THQ), dan Thmol (THY). Tumar (2006) melaporkan bahwa ekstrak jinten hitam (Nigella sativa) dapat menghambat atau bahkan dapat membunuh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Selain itu Hendrik (2007) menambahkan bahwa ekstrak jinten hitam dapat merangsang dan memperkuat sistem kekealan tubuh manusia melalui peningkatan jumlah, mutu, dan aktivitas sel-sel kekebalan tubuh manusia. El-Kadi dan Kandil (1986) melaporkan bahwa ekstrak jinten hitam berpengaruh menguatkan fungsi kekebalan, dimana kadar sel-sel T pembantu meningkat dibandingkan sel-sel T penekan dengan perbandingan rata-rata 72% serta terjadi peningkatan aktivitas sel-sel pembunuh alami rata-rata 75%.

Endarti (2009) melaporkan bahwa ekstrak jinten hitam (Nigella sativa) merupakan bahan yang potansial untuk digunakan sebagai agen imunostimulan pada ikan lele dumbo yang terinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila karena terbukti dapat meningkatkan jumlah sel darah putih dan diferensial leukosit yang dangat berperan dalam respon immune non-spesifik. Selain itu, ekstrak jinten hitam dengan konsentrasi 9% menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sel darah putih (leukosit) sebelum uji tantang 25516.67 sel/mm3 dan sebesar 97243.33 sel/mm3 setelah uji tantang.

Aktivitas immunostimulator ekstrak jinten hitam pada benih ikan lele dumbo meliputi peningkatan jumlah sel darah putih (leukosit) terutama neutrofil, limfosit dan monosit serta ketahanan terhadap infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila yang ditunjukkan dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang tertinggi mencapai 90%.

Referensi

Endarti. 2009. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Jinten Hitam sebagai Imunostimulan terhadap Hematologi Ikan Lele Dumbo.





sumber : http://www.perikanan-budidaya.dkp.go.id

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Thursday, September 16, 2010

BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN


PRODUKSI INDUK IKAN MAS BERKUALITAS TINGGI

Posted: 16 Sep 2010 07:04 AM PDT


PRODUKSI INDUK IKAN MAS BERKUALITAS TINGGI
OLEH PEMBENIH SKALA KECIL DI SUMATERA1)

Oleh :
Evi Rahayuni2), Yoyo Wiramiharja2), Wawan Cahyono A3) Yukiyasu Niwa4)






ABSTRAK
Jaminan induk berkualitas tinggi merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat penting untuk pembenih (UPR). Namun demikian banyak para pembenih skala kecil tidak dapat memproduksi induk berkualitas. Mereka bergantung pada bantuan yang diberikan oleh instansi pemerintah seperti Balai Benih Ikan (BBI) dan Dinas Perikanan pada saat mereka membutuhkan induk ikan mas, nila dan sebagainya. Hal ini dikarenakan pembudidaya tidak mengetahui bahkan tidak mempunyai kesempatan untuk mempelajari tata cara teknik pengelolaan untuk membuat induk yang berkualitas tinggi. Bagaimanapun juga akan lebih baik bagi mereka bila dapat membuat induk sendiri demi kesinambungan pengembangan budidaya di pedesaan (rural area). Sehubungan dengan itu telah dipilih satu orang pembudidaya di daerah sasaran penyuluhan untuk dibimbing dalam memproduksi induk ikan mas berkualitas tinggi. Percobaan dimulai pada November 2004 menggunakan 10.000 benih ikan mas. Sampling dan seleksi calon induk dilakukan secara periodik. Setelah satu tahun pembenih berhasil mendapatkan induk : 30 ekor betina dan 20 ekor jantan. Pemijahan dan produksi benih menggunakan induk hasil seleksi tersebut telah berhasil dengan baik pada bulan April 2006. Pada saat bersamaan induk yang berlebih hasil produksi telah didistribusikan kepada pembenih lain di sekitarnya. Keberhasilan ini memperlihatkan bahwa pembenih skala kecil dapat memproduksi induk sendiri dengan biaya rendah dan telah mendorong menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri.

selengkapnya



sumber : http://www.perbenihan-budidaya.dkp.go.id

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Attracting Zoo Plankton Catches Fish! Underwater Fishing Lights Details Here!

Posted: 15 Sep 2010 03:34 PM PDT


Attracting Zoo Plankton Catches Fish! Underwater Fishing Lights Details Here!
by: Mark Fleagle


Night fishing for any species of fish can be very rewarding and exciting. However, there is some specialized night fishing equipment you will need to have to be successful. We are going to talk about the use of night fishing lights today.

Some of the more common types of night fishing lights that are available on the market today are a variety of different 12 volt fishing lights such as underwater fishing lights, and floating fishing lights, which both have very important purposes.

Underwater 12 volt fishing lights come in a variety of different shapes and sizes but the most common size is the 4ft fishing light. They also come with different colors and power ratings. The best underwater fishing lights will have a wattage rating of 25-40 and generate about 1000 to 3000 lumens. The illumination color that seems to work the best is green. These lights are important because they are necessary to attract zoo plankton. You are probably asking yourself "what is so important about attracting zoo plankton" Well the answer to that question is very simple. Attracting zoo plankton will attract bait fish close to the area you are fishing. If you know anything about the food chain of most game fish, (which I know you do or you wouldn't be reading this page now) bait fish are the primary food source of the most of the game fish you will be targeting at night. If you can put a submerged fishing light under the water and start catching fish, well that's a no brainer! Of course you will do it. If you are like me, any tool that can help you catch more fish, id going to be part of my fishing equipment, and night fishing lights are important.

Floating fishing lights have a similar purpose to the underwater fishing lights. A floating fishing light will attract and concentrate bait fish that are coming to the area. Game fill will also be attracted to the lights. Game fish will normally lay in waiting just outside the beams rays of both the floating fishing lights and the underwater fishing lights, waiting for unsuspecting bait fish to wonder outside of the beams rays, or often they will dart in and catch a bait fish and dart back out to there hiding area. Many times the bait fish do not even suspect that the game fish are even around. Floating fishing lights are also classified as 12 volt fishing lights, and can be powered by any 12 volt battery source. My personal preference is to use a car battery. I power both my floating fishing lights and my underwater fishing lights from this power source. A fully charged car battery will last me a full last me all night. I than recharge the battery when I go home. Both underwater fishing lights and floating fishing lights normally come with alligator clips and makes hooking them to the power source very simple.

If you want to have a exciting fishing experience you need to try night fishing. You may be pleasantly surprised at how many fish you can catch. Also if you want very little fishing pressure you will love night fish.

About The Author
We Have Something Special Just For You, Check Out A Secret Weapon For Crappie And Other Fish Angling My Friend Discovered In 2004 Check It Out Here!

Check out Mark's website to get some amazing fishing information and fishing articles loaded with fishing tips about 12 volt fishing lights that really work!






The author invites you to visit:
http://www.oldfishinghole.com

Wednesday, September 15, 2010

BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN


Fishing for Salmon

Posted: 14 Sep 2010 10:57 PM PDT


Fishing for Salmon
by: Milos Pesic



Are you planning to go fishing for salmon? If you are and you are one of the beginners or first-timers, there are basic things you need to know to get you started and to help you enjoy this enjoyable outdoor activity.

First off, there are several species of salmon that you should know about before you go fishing for salmon trips. There are Atlantic and Pacific salmons. Atlantic species are from the Atlantic Ocean, as the name implies. Also, you can find a wide variety of salmon in the various lakes that are in the eastern North America areas. They are the kind of salmon that don't immigrate as they prefer fresh water than salt water.

The most popular of all salmons are the Chinook or king salmon or spring salmon, black mouth, however you call them, as they are the biggest among the salmon species, weighing between 25 to 65 pounds, or even more. They are found from southern California coast to the Bering Strait. Alaska has earned its fame in fishing for salmon, since it is where the heaviest ever recorded king salmon, weighing over 96 pounds. Chinook salmon is the state fish of Alaska.

Other types of salmon include the red salmon or sockeye salmon, pink salmon, silver or Coho salmon, chum salmon, and the Atlantic salmon, which are left run wild in the on the Atlantic coast only. Each of the pacific salmon species have different life cycle and each returns to their fresh water spawning grounds at different times. When salmon returns to the rivers where they're from, they are collectively called run that is, in turn, named after the river. So, if you hear the word run or runs, you know what it means.

Due to the fact that salmon always come back to where they hatched, you know when the ideal times are to go fishing for salmon or mostly called fishing season and you know there will always be salmon to catch. This is why many fishermen became fascinated with fishing, whether as hobby, sport or pastime.

Fishing for salmon requires bait. There are various types of baits that you cause in fishing for salmon. There are plugs, worms, lures, and flies in which you can use for fresh water salmon; for salt water, you can go for flies, streamers, crustaceans, and lures.

Fly fishing for salmon will require you to have 12-16 ft. graphite or fiberglass rod, fly reel and line. For bait fishing, you will need a 10 ft. spinning rod and bait caster reel with up to 20 lb. test line. But if you are into fishing for king or Chinook salmon, you will need a boat or a trolling rod. And because Chinook are known to be the biggest and heaviest of its kind, you will 20-40 pound or more test line. Who knows, your simple fishing for salmon trip could land you to catch king salmon?

About The Author
Milos Pesic is an avid fisherman and owner of popular and comprehensive Salmon Fishing web site. For more articles and resources on Salmon Fishing related topics, Salmon Fishing equipment, tips and trips, visit his site at:

=>http://salmon-fishing.need-to-know.net/

The PetsitUSA Blog

The PetsitUSA Blog


Dog products review: fluffy toys and doggie backpack

Posted: 14 Sep 2010 03:55 PM PDT

Archie, Lydia, and a friend of theirs have been trying out some new toys and a doggie backpack that were sent to us by Kyjen. They’ve all been given the paws up, by our unbiased doggie review board.

dog toy review - Ricky Racoon squeaky toy

Archie’s favorite toy is Ricky Racoon, a sturdy squeaky toy with 12 loud squeakers and one that makes a grunting sound. He loves carrying this thing around and even likes to take it to bed with him. The only thing about Ricky Racoon is that if your houseguests don’t know it’s a dog toy, they may think there’s a dead animal lying on the floor (one of my friends actually thought it was!). Archie (and sometimes Lydia) has been playing with Ricky for the past month or so and it’s holding up really well to all the squeaking.

Dog toy review - Invincible squeaky dog toy from kyjen.com

My friend Sue (@suerostvold), of Verysupercool, let her dog Sunny check out the Invincibles. These are fuzzy, fluffy looking snakes that don’t actually have any stuffing. They do have squeakers though – 6 of ‘em – and they’re so tough they keep squeaking after they’re punctured. As you can see, Sonny thinks this toy is sssssswell! And, when he isn’t playing with the snake toy, Sue’s teeny, tiny, itty, bitty, chihuahua-dachshund likes to drag it around.

dog product review - the outward hound doggie backpack

Since Lydia’s not much of a fluffy toy fan, she got to try out the Outward Hound doggie backpack. It’s sturdy, super light-weight, and has been designed with the dog’s comfort in mind. She’s such a ham, I think she really had fun modeling it!

I mention dog backpacks in my pet first aid classes and suggest people who do a lot of hiking with their dogs use one to pack their first aid kit. They can also be an excellent tool for pet sitters, dog walkers and those who do doggie excursions. There’s even a handy little feature to store, and easily access, doggie waste bags.

All of these items, and plenty more, are available from Kyjen.